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迷你Ceph集群搭建（超低配设备）
来源:
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作者:chang
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发布时间: 2023-10-13
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124
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分享到:
我的博客原文链接： https://blog.gcc.ac.cn/post/2023/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BD%A0ceph%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA/
（原文有图，这里没图）
环境
机器列表：
IP
角色
说明
10.0.0.15
osd
ARMv7，512M内存，32G存储，百兆网口
10.0.0.16
client
ARM64，2G内存，测试集群性能用，千兆网口
10.0.0.17
osd
AMD64，2G内存，32G存储，百兆网口
10.0.0.18
mon,mgr,mds,osd
AMD64，2G内存，32G存储，百兆网口
10.0.0.19
osd
ARM64，1G内存，32G存储，百兆网口
这集群有x86，有ARM，ARM里面还分ARMv7和ARM64，你问我是有意的还是不小心的？我是有意用三种架构的CPU的。
注意：老版本（14.2.21）不同架构不能混合部署，否则osd通信有问题。后续尝试17.2.5版本发现已修复，不过新版本又出现了个RAW USED不准的bug（可能是因为ARMv7是32位，只支持4G空间）以及osd无法删除的bug。
系统采用ubuntu或debian。参考文档： https://docs.ceph.com/en/quincy/install/manual-deployment
官方推荐内存少4G，我用512M内存的板子，纯属娱乐。
部署步骤
【可选】增加软件源/etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list：
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ceph/debian-quincy/ bullseye main
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【可选】添加公钥：
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E84AC2C0460F3994
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在所有ceph节点和客户端安装软件包：
apt-get update
apt-get install -y ceph ceph-mds ceph-volume
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在所有ceph节点和客户端创建配置文件/etc/ceph/ceph.conf：
[global]
fsid = 4a0137cc-1081-41e4-bacd-5ecddc63ae2d
mon initial members = intel-compute-stick
mon host = 10.0.0.17
public network = 10.0.0.0/24
cluster network = 10.0.0.0/24
osd journal size = 64
osd pool default size = 2
osd pool default min size = 1
osd pool default pg num = 64
osd pool default pgp num = 64
osd crush chooseleaf type = 1
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在mon节点执行初始化命令：
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring --gen-key -n mon. --cap mon 'allow *'
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring --gen-key -n client.admin --cap mon 'allow *' --cap osd 'allow *' --cap mds 'allow *' --cap mgr 'allow *'
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring --gen-key -n client.bootstrap-osd --cap mon 'profile bootstrap-osd' --cap mgr 'allow r'
ceph-authtool /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring --import-keyring /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring
ceph-authtool /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring --import-keyring /var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring
chown ceph:ceph /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring
monmaptool --create --add intel-compute-stick 10.0.0.17 --fsid 4a0137cc-1081-41e4-bacd-5ecddc63ae2d /tmp/monmap
sudo -u ceph mkdir /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-intel-compute-stick
sudo -u ceph ceph-mon --mkfs -i intel-compute-stick --monmap /tmp/monmap --keyring /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring
systemctl start ceph-mon@intel-compute-stick
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部署MGR：
name=intel-compute-stick
mkdir -p /var/lib/ceph/mgr/ceph-$name
ceph auth get-or-create mgr.$name mon 'allow profile mgr' osd 'allow *' mds 'allow *' > /var/lib/ceph/mgr/ceph-$name/keyring
ceph-mgr -i $name
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【旧版本需要做此操作】在ARMv7架构的osd节点修改文件nano /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/ceph_argparse.py，将timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', 0)改成timeout = 24 * 60 * 60。
将/var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring同步到所有osd节点。
部署OSD：
truncate --size 16G osd.img
losetup /dev/loop5 /root/osd.img
ceph-volume raw prepare --data /dev/loop5 --bluestore
systemctl start ceph-osd@{osd-num} # 注意这个num要和前面输出一致
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部署mds：
mkdir -p /var/lib/ceph/mds/ceph-intel-compute-stick
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /var/lib/ceph/mds/ceph-intel-compute-stick/keyring --gen-key -n mds.intel-compute-stick
ceph auth add mds.intel-compute-stick osd "allow rwx" mds "allow *" mon "allow profile mds" -i /var/lib/ceph/mds/ceph-intel-compute-stick/keyring
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修改/etc/ceph/ceph.conf，增加如下内容
[mds.intel-compute-stick]
host = intel-compute-stick
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执行命令：
ceph-mds --cluster ceph -i intel-compute-stick -m 10.0.0.17:6789
systemctl start ceph.target
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创建cephfs：
ceph osd pool create perf_test 64
ceph osd pool create cephfs_data 64
ceph osd pool create cephfs_metadata 16
ceph fs new cephfs cephfs_metadata cephfs_data
ceph fs authorize cephfs client.cephfs_user / rw
# 将上面的输出复制到客户端`/etc/ceph/ceph.client.cephfs_user.keyring`文件中
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挂载cephfs：
mkdir /mnt/cephfs
mount -t ceph cephfs_user@.cephfs=/ /mnt/cephfs
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其它命令
显示 bluestore 缓存的当前值：ceph daemon /var/run/ceph/ceph-osd.1.asok config show | grep bluestore_cache_size
设置OSD缓存用量：ceph daemon /var/run/ceph/ceph-osd.1.asok config set bluestore_cache_size_ssd 134217128
ceph-volume raw list
重启后重新挂载osd：ceph-volume raw activate --device /dev/loop5 --no-systemd
手动删除osd：ceph osd out {osd-num}
ceph osd safe-to-destroy osd.2
ceph osd destroy {id} --yes-i-really-mean-it
性能测试
节点数
随机写(IOPS)
随机读(IOPS)
顺序写(MiB/s)
顺序读(MiB/s)
rados写(MB/s)
rados读(MB/s)
rados随机(MB/s)
2
1603
5295
8.01
21.8
10.6733
21.5597
22.2359
3
1310
6058
14.0
27.9
12.952
28.0797
29.3502
4
1392
4087
15.5
32.3
15.3398
33.2157
34.9272
两节点
cephfs：
dd写入：16.3 MB/s (dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024)
dd读取：17.9 MB/s (echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1M)
fio随机写：1603
fio随机读：5295
fio顺序写：8201KiB/s
fio顺序读：21.8MiB/s
rados bench -p perf_test 30 write --no-cleanup
hints = 1
Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 30 seconds or 0 objects
Object prefix: benchmark_data_orangepi3-lts_2101
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
2 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
3 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
4 16 19 3 2.99955 3 3.64087 3.38759
5 16 22 6 4.79925 12 4.34316 3.83332
6 16 25 9 5.99904 12 5.38901 4.34105
7 16 28 12 6.85602 12 6.50295 4.87251
8 16 31 15 7.49875 12 4.71442 4.9794
9 16 36 20 8.88738 20 4.61761 5.24509
10 16 38 22 8.79849 8 9.75918 5.40151
11 16 41 25 9.08934 12 5.56684 5.44177
12 16 46 30 9.99826 20 3.34787 5.21296
13 16 49 33 10.1521 12 4.10847 5.17286
14 16 51 35 9.99824 8 3.49611 5.16674
15 16 55 39 10.3982 16 6.06545 5.098
16 16 58 42 10.4981 12 6.23518 5.07308
17 16 59 43 10.1158 4 6.45517 5.10522
18 16 62 46 10.2204 12 6.48019 5.08282
19 16 63 47 9.89297 4 6.57521 5.11457
2023-04-18T15:12:33.881436+0800 min lat: 1.95623 max lat: 9.75918 avg lat: 5.12979
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 68 52 10.3981 20 6.95187 5.12979
21 16 68 52 9.90296 0 - 5.12979
22 16 70 54 9.8164 4 7.85105 5.23762
23 16 72 56 9.73736 8 8.1019 5.33872
24 16 76 60 9.99818 16 8.86371 5.40133
25 16 77 61 9.75822 4 3.14892 5.3644
26 16 80 64 9.84436 12 9.63972 5.45864
27 16 82 66 9.776 8 3.18262 5.48564
28 16 84 68 9.71252 8 3.89847 5.52669
29 16 87 71 9.79132 12 9.72659 5.63168
30 16 91 75 9.99818 16 9.93409 5.63449
31 13 91 78 10.0627 12 4.09479 5.65952
32 11 91 80 9.99817 8 4.0216 5.68887
33 6 91 85 10.3012 20 3.65814 5.7294
34 1 91 90 10.5863 20 4.55552 5.71818
Total time run: 34.1039
Total writes made: 91
Write size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 10.6733
Stddev Bandwidth: 6.19765
Max bandwidth (MB/sec): 20
Min bandwidth (MB/sec): 0
Average IOPS: 2
Stddev IOPS: 1.58086
Max IOPS: 5
Min IOPS: 0
Average Latency(s): 5.70886
Stddev Latency(s): 2.2914
Max latency(s): 11.0174
Min latency(s): 1.95623
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 seq
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 18 2 7.99563 8 0.749535 0.640048
2 16 24 8 15.9934 24 1.82768 1.2209
3 16 30 14 18.6602 24 2.90052 1.76318
4 16 36 20 19.9939 24 3.22248 2.10121
5 16 41 25 19.9941 20 2.38014 2.20456
6 16 46 30 19.9943 20 3.69409 2.33743
7 16 52 36 20.5655 24 3.58809 2.4047
8 16 58 42 20.9942 24 3.94671 2.48664
9 15 63 48 21.3151 24 2.99373 2.55527
10 16 69 53 21.1832 20 3.06825 2.56988
11 16 75 59 21.4387 24 3.56289 2.56456
12 16 80 64 21.3185 20 1.57452 2.55362
13 16 86 70 21.5243 24 1.79171 2.56933
14 16 91 75 21.4152 20 4.4904 2.6246
15 10 91 81 21.5871 24 4.2782 2.67077
16 4 91 87 21.7375 24 2.84972 2.68923
Total time run: 16.8834
Total reads made: 91
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 21.5597
Average IOPS: 5
Stddev IOPS: 1.03078
Max IOPS: 6
Min IOPS: 2
Average Latency(s): 2.69827
Max latency(s): 4.4904
Min latency(s): 0.530561
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 rand
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 20 4 15.9921 16 0.756867 0.562019
2 16 26 10 19.9929 24 1.82705 1.09684
3 16 32 16 21.3269 24 2.89898 1.63216
4 16 38 22 21.9939 24 2.8592 1.96528
5 16 42 26 20.7945 16 2.89643 2.08897
6 16 48 32 21.3279 24 3.25362 2.24424
7 16 54 38 21.7089 24 2.53504 2.33103
8 16 60 44 21.9947 24 2.49214 2.39352
9 16 66 50 22.2169 24 2.8506 2.46248
10 16 70 54 21.5948 16 2.89337 2.49112
11 16 76 60 21.8128 24 2.13852 2.49727
12 16 82 66 21.9946 24 2.53781 2.54012
13 16 88 72 22.1485 24 2.53625 2.57632
14 16 94 78 22.2804 24 2.89682 2.59727
15 15 98 83 22.1192 20 2.80375 2.61577
16 16 104 88 21.9865 20 2.54292 2.62566
17 16 110 94 22.1046 24 2.84867 2.64381
18 16 116 100 22.2097 24 3.20428 2.65252
19 16 122 106 22.3036 24 2.5454 2.6641
2023-04-18T15:13:26.426279+0800 min lat: 0.367019 max lat: 3.92008 avg lat: 2.6753
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 127 111 22.1883 20 2.84974 2.6753
21 16 132 116 22.0838 20 2.90241 2.68289
22 16 138 122 22.1707 24 3.20846 2.68523
23 16 144 128 22.25 24 3.25698 2.69284
24 16 150 134 22.3228 24 3.26158 2.69223
25 16 155 139 22.2297 20 1.06362 2.67481
26 16 160 144 22.1438 20 3.9225 2.67843
27 16 166 150 22.2124 24 4.27967 2.68765
28 16 172 156 22.276 24 4.33003 2.69881
29 16 178 162 22.3353 24 3.9836 2.71073
30 16 183 167 22.2573 20 2.13414 2.71708
31 11 183 172 22.1844 20 3.57702 2.72915
32 5 183 178 22.241 24 3.63257 2.73706
Total time run: 32.9197
Total reads made: 183
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 22.2359
Average IOPS: 5
Stddev IOPS: 0.669015
Max IOPS: 6
Min IOPS: 4
Average Latency(s): 2.74483
Max latency(s): 4.63637
Min latency(s): 0.367019
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三节点
cephfs：
dd写入：21.3 MB/s (dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024)
dd读取：19.5 MB/s (echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1M)
fio随机写：1310
fio随机读：6058
fio顺序写：14.0MiB/s
fio顺序读：27.9MiB/s
rados bench -p perf_test 30 write --no-cleanup
hints = 1
Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 30 seconds or 0 objects
Object prefix: benchmark_data_orangepi3-lts_2188
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
2 16 17 1 1.99967 2 1.99725 1.99725
3 16 19 3 3.99915 8 2.92674 2.50932
4 16 21 5 4.99899 8 3.68936 2.91102
5 16 25 9 7.19858 16 4.44208 3.50803
6 16 29 13 8.66497 16 3.32056 3.77577
7 16 31 15 8.56977 8 6.59867 3.95511
8 16 33 17 8.49837 8 2.95588 3.89244
9 16 39 23 10.2203 24 8.91377 4.5287
10 16 42 26 10.398 12 4.00285 4.61726
11 16 46 30 10.907 16 1.88708 4.32788
12 16 48 32 10.6647 8 3.22648 4.22892
13 16 52 36 11.0748 16 1.51764 4.17041
14 16 53 37 10.5695 4 2.53073 4.1261
15 16 55 39 10.3981 8 8.91467 4.39938
16 16 60 44 10.9979 20 7.31564 4.7521
17 16 61 45 10.5862 4 2.00639 4.69108
18 16 66 50 11.109 20 2.34879 4.76501
19 16 69 53 11.1558 12 2.87372 4.81177
2023-04-18T15:18:28.656929+0800 min lat: 1.51764 max lat: 10.6957 avg lat: 4.81906
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 74 58 11.5978 20 2.18304 4.81906
21 16 75 59 11.2359 4 7.06397 4.85711
22 16 80 64 11.6341 20 3.49498 4.85191
23 16 80 64 11.1283 0 - 4.85191
24 16 82 66 10.9979 4 6.3591 4.83667
25 16 84 68 10.8779 8 6.34421 4.91693
26 16 89 73 11.2286 20 8.52854 5.06126
27 16 92 76 11.2571 12 5.63676 5.07197
28 16 97 81 11.5692 20 6.39309 5.04017
29 16 100 84 11.584 12 7.29099 5.01084
30 16 105 89 11.8644 20 2.50054 4.96138
31 10 105 95 12.2558 24 9.50269 4.94482
32 4 105 101 12.6226 24 4.52251 4.83104
Total time run: 32.4273
Total writes made: 105
Write size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 12.952
Stddev Bandwidth: 7.39196
Max bandwidth (MB/sec): 24
Min bandwidth (MB/sec): 0
Average IOPS: 3
Stddev IOPS: 1.87271
Max IOPS: 6
Min IOPS: 0
Average Latency(s): 4.774
Stddev Latency(s): 2.42686
Max latency(s): 10.6957
Min latency(s): 1.51764
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 seq
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 19 3 11.9944 12 0.935954 0.768977
2 16 26 10 19.9933 28 1.96017 1.31348
3 16 33 17 22.6602 28 2.77006 1.68533
4 16 42 26 25.9932 36 2.27413 1.75351
5 16 51 35 27.9931 36 2.27554 1.77164
6 16 59 43 28.6598 32 2.90927 1.80862
7 16 65 49 27.9935 24 1.89015 1.83058
8 16 72 56 27.9936 28 0.468285 1.88307
9 16 81 65 28.8824 36 0.785162 1.90263
10 15 88 73 29.1822 32 2.5208 1.94424
11 16 95 79 28.7108 24 2.0044 1.96069
12 16 103 87 28.9843 32 3.24909 1.95645
13 9 105 96 29.5231 36 2.53005 1.97092
14 3 105 102 29.1284 24 1.87098 2.00023
Total time run: 14.9574
Total reads made: 105
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 28.0797
Average IOPS: 7
Stddev IOPS: 1.68379
Max IOPS: 9
Min IOPS: 3
Average Latency(s): 2.02704
Max latency(s): 3.42015
Min latency(s): 0.417385
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 rand
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 22 6 23.986 24 0.824307 0.603606
2 16 31 15 29.9884 36 1.90078 1.13916
3 16 40 24 31.9898 36 2.15175 1.41768
4 16 47 31 30.9908 28 1.42468 1.5251
5 16 55 39 31.191 32 2.52356 1.5776
6 16 63 47 31.3248 32 2.89946 1.61864
7 16 71 55 31.4203 32 0.368204 1.66398
8 16 78 62 30.9915 28 2.37269 1.70559
9 16 87 71 31.5467 36 2.84709 1.77106
10 16 95 79 31.5911 32 1.07912 1.79016
11 16 104 88 31.9911 36 1.44303 1.80956
12 16 112 96 31.9913 32 1.42344 1.8181
13 16 119 103 31.6838 28 2.69186 1.80644
14 16 127 111 31.7059 32 3.20146 1.82418
15 16 133 117 31.1918 24 0.423103 1.84334
16 16 141 125 31.2418 32 0.992599 1.85535
17 16 148 132 31.0508 28 0.97594 1.84928
18 16 155 139 30.8809 28 1.49825 1.8682
19 16 161 145 30.5185 24 4.27347 1.90106
2023-04-18T15:19:17.492678+0800 min lat: 0.366624 max lat: 4.73499 avg lat: 1.92024
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 15 167 152 30.3887 28 4.73499 1.92024
21 16 175 159 30.2746 28 0.367838 1.90697
22 16 184 168 30.5345 36 0.745395 1.90833
23 16 193 177 30.7718 36 1.09359 1.92217
24 16 199 183 30.4895 24 4.54686 1.95203
25 16 207 191 30.5496 32 4.18695 1.97411
26 16 215 199 30.6052 32 1.11538 1.96496
27 16 223 207 30.6566 32 1.41712 1.96474
28 16 230 214 30.5616 28 2.08073 1.98234
29 16 236 220 30.3352 24 2.4372 2.00951
30 16 241 225 29.9906 20 3.20498 2.026
31 9 241 232 29.9262 28 2.49127 2.02668
32 3 241 238 29.7409 24 2.5638 2.05061
Total time run: 32.8447
Total reads made: 241
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 29.3502
Average IOPS: 7
Stddev IOPS: 1.10534
Max IOPS: 9
Min IOPS: 5
Average Latency(s): 2.06437
Max latency(s): 4.91188
Min latency(s): 0.366624
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四节点
cephfs：
dd写入：22.0 MB/s (dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024)
dd读取：19.7 MB/s (echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1M)
fio随机写：1392
fio随机读：4087
fio顺序写：15.5MiB/s
fio顺序读：32.3MiB/s
rados bench -p perf_test 30 write --no-cleanup
hints = 1
Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 30 seconds or 0 objects
Object prefix: benchmark_data_orangepi3-lts_35619
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
2 16 17 1 1.99975 2 1.78202 1.78202
3 16 20 4 5.33256 12 2.84877 2.43044
4 16 21 5 4.99923 4 3.74263 2.69287
5 16 23 7 5.5991 8 4.76583 2.85451
6 16 32 16 10.6649 36 5.86804 3.70616
7 16 34 18 10.284 8 1.92668 3.4596
8 16 39 23 11.498 20 7.93078 3.6863
9 16 42 26 11.5535 12 8.75803 3.93689
10 16 47 31 12.3978 20 9.69823 3.95612
11 16 50 34 12.3614 12 3.04304 3.9946
12 16 54 38 12.6644 16 3.45564 3.99375
13 16 60 44 13.536 24 3.44875 3.95588
14 16 63 47 13.4261 12 1.81607 3.85018
15 16 67 51 13.5975 16 2.73712 3.76863
16 16 71 55 13.7475 16 4.15855 3.72367
17 16 76 60 14.115 20 10.2432 3.75291
18 16 79 63 13.9973 12 2.17743 3.81827
19 16 83 67 14.1024 16 8.20002 3.90448
2023-04-30T16:14:03.140857+0800 min lat: 1.0234 max lat: 10.2441 avg lat: 3.90471
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 84 68 13.5973 4 3.91999 3.90471
21 16 87 71 13.5211 12 3.44596 3.99304
22 16 93 77 13.9972 24 3.23659 3.97209
23 16 96 80 13.9102 12 1.23555 4.00768
24 16 102 86 14.3305 24 1.35805 4.04373
25 16 103 87 13.9172 4 6.09656 4.06732
26 16 107 91 13.9972 16 3.5407 4.08549
27 16 109 93 13.775 8 6.03469 4.08524
28 16 118 102 14.5686 36 2.17569 4.06772
29 16 121 105 14.4799 12 4.49289 4.11014
30 16 125 109 14.5305 16 2.87309 4.08652
31 9 125 116 14.9648 28 2.25205 4.0526
32 6 125 119 14.8721 12 1.79392 4.00744
Total time run: 32.5949
Total writes made: 125
Write size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 15.3398
Stddev Bandwidth: 8.72312
Max bandwidth (MB/sec): 36
Min bandwidth (MB/sec): 0
Average IOPS: 3
Stddev IOPS: 2.20611
Max IOPS: 9
Min IOPS: 0
Average Latency(s): 4.0305
Stddev Latency(s): 2.20517
Max latency(s): 10.2441
Min latency(s): 1.0234
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 seq
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 20 4 15.9905 16 0.853527 0.650566
2 16 32 16 31.987 48 1.92335 1.1849
3 15 42 27 35.9872 44 0.728561 1.28407
4 16 54 38 37.9873 44 1.45691 1.36427
5 16 63 47 37.5885 36 0.867527 1.32744
6 16 71 55 36.6558 32 0.388871 1.33514
7 16 81 65 37.1323 40 0.402616 1.36986
8 16 90 74 36.99 36 1.0629 1.41874
9 16 99 83 36.8793 36 1.75055 1.48116
10 16 106 90 35.9908 28 0.407852 1.52166
11 16 117 101 36.7179 44 1.74839 1.55673
12 13 125 112 37.324 44 1.12977 1.56548
13 6 125 119 36.6064 28 2.87119 1.5828
14 3 125 122 34.8488 12 3.12215 1.61803
15 1 125 124 33.0589 8 3.1234 1.64145
Total time run: 15.0531
Total reads made: 125
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 33.2157
Average IOPS: 8
Stddev IOPS: 3.12745
Max IOPS: 12
Min IOPS: 2
Average Latency(s): 1.65394
Max latency(s): 4.13081
Min latency(s): 0.388871
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 rand
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 22 6 23.9897 24 0.745057 0.560803
2 16 34 18 35.9886 48 0.372282 0.938734
3 16 45 29 38.6558 44 2.19349 1.17867
4 16 54 38 37.9898 36 1.37898 1.21186
5 16 63 47 37.5905 36 0.368202 1.26999
6 16 73 57 37.9907 40 0.369987 1.34372
7 16 84 68 38.8479 44 0.379556 1.35436
8 15 92 77 38.4844 36 0.366431 1.35522
9 16 98 82 36.4306 20 0.369742 1.38116
10 16 108 92 36.7866 40 1.07875 1.40909
11 16 119 103 37.4414 44 0.411923 1.42015
12 16 128 112 37.3207 36 0.721847 1.46517
13 15 136 121 37.2149 36 3.88744 1.51544
14 16 145 129 36.8421 32 1.48207 1.53257
15 16 153 137 36.519 32 0.374107 1.56824
16 16 162 146 36.4861 36 0.369296 1.56676
17 16 174 158 37.1627 48 0.73181 1.55813
18 16 179 163 36.2091 20 0.402144 1.57222
19 16 190 174 36.6186 44 0.37141 1.58182
2023-04-30T16:16:14.252493+0800 min lat: 0.366431 max lat: 5.00059 avg lat: 1.59628
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 201 185 36.9871 44 0.707558 1.59628
21 16 212 196 37.3204 44 0.72207 1.59639
22 16 222 206 37.4418 40 4.26157 1.60271
23 16 231 215 37.3786 36 0.863178 1.59685
24 16 240 224 37.3208 36 0.703603 1.59669
25 16 248 232 37.1078 32 3.21437 1.601
26 16 260 244 37.5262 48 0.545021 1.58514
27 16 269 253 37.4695 36 4.48831 1.59588
28 16 277 261 37.2739 32 0.369147 1.59645
29 16 287 271 37.3677 40 0.732066 1.60558
30 16 295 279 37.1885 32 0.421207 1.61968
31 8 295 287 37.021 32 4.43585 1.63341
32 5 295 290 36.2391 12 4.24594 1.66179
33 3 295 292 35.3834 8 3.91917 1.67774
Total time run: 33.7845
Total reads made: 295
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 34.9272
Average IOPS: 8
Stddev IOPS: 2.41248
Max IOPS: 12
Min IOPS: 2
Average Latency(s): 1.70153
Max latency(s): 5.00059
Min latency(s): 0.366431
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卸载命令
apt remove ceph-* --purge -y
rm osd.img
rm -rf /var/lib/ceph/
rm -rf /usr/share/ceph
reboot
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B站视频
我在家用了一块512M内存的ARMv7板子、一块1G内存的ARM64板子和一块2G内存的AMD64的HTPC和一根2G内存的Intel电脑棒搭建了一个Ceph集群。其中HTPC作为mon,mgr,mds,osd，而其它三个设备作为osd。他们都是百兆网络。我的目的是为了学习Ceph集群的搭建，此外也对Ceph集群的性能比较感兴趣。因此我用了一块ARM64的板子（有千兆网络）作为客户端，挂载cephfs进行性能测试。除了cephfs，我还用rados进行了性能测试。我测试了两节点、三节点和四节点的情况下的性能并进行了对比。我的Ceph集群是双副本的。总的来说顺序读写随着节点越多，性能越好，但随机读写因节点数量太少，暂时看不出趋势。
BV1Lk4y1E7LZ
视频文字稿
低配设备搭建Ceph集群，性能如何？(分布式存储)
上次我用家里的电子垃圾搭了一个k8s集群，这次我来搭一个Ceph集群。
Ceph是一个开源的分布式存储系统。我这次用了一块ARMv7的板子，只有512M内存，还有一块1G内存ARM64板子（树莓派3B），另外用了一根Intel的电脑棒和一台HTPC，都是2G内存的。官方文档里面建议内存少4G，不过我搭这个集群只是图一乐。
我本来还想用256M内存的那块板子的，但是内存太小，经过优化还是跑不起来，所以只能放弃。
我是根据官方文档来手动部署的，我一开始用的比较旧的版本，然后遇到一堆坑，后面换了新版就正常了，虽然新版也是各种bug，但是不影响我测试。
我使用双副本配置，所有的存储节点都是百兆内网。我另外使用一个千兆内网的ARM64板子作为客户端，对集群进行性能测试。我首先挂载了cephfs。也就是基于Ceph的分布式文件系统。挂载之后，在上面读写，这些读写请求会分发到所有的存储节点上，所以理论上存储节点越多，读写速度就越快。
我分别对两节点、三节点和四节点的情况进行测试。首先挂载cephfs并用fio进行性能测试，结果如图，随机读写性能比较差，而且和节点数量关系不大，原因可能是存储节点的闪存比较垃圾。不过连续读写都随着节点数量增加而增加，在两节点和三节点的时候，连续读取基本能跑满存储节点带宽。另外我还用rados进行了性能测试，结果如图，都是随节点数量增加而增加，不过不是线性增长。
-----------------------------------
©著作权归作者所有：来自51CTO博客作者chnlee的原创作品，请联系作者获取转载授权，否则将追究法律责任
迷你Ceph集群搭建（超低配设备）
https://blog.51cto.com/u_11438580/7851302
（原文有图，这里没图）
环境
机器列表：
IP
角色
说明
10.0.0.15
osd
ARMv7，512M内存，32G存储，百兆网口
10.0.0.16
client
ARM64，2G内存，测试集群性能用，千兆网口
10.0.0.17
osd
AMD64，2G内存，32G存储，百兆网口
10.0.0.18
mon,mgr,mds,osd
AMD64，2G内存，32G存储，百兆网口
10.0.0.19
osd
ARM64，1G内存，32G存储，百兆网口
这集群有x86，有ARM，ARM里面还分ARMv7和ARM64，你问我是有意的还是不小心的？我是有意用三种架构的CPU的。
注意：老版本（14.2.21）不同架构不能混合部署，否则osd通信有问题。后续尝试17.2.5版本发现已修复，不过新版本又出现了个RAW USED不准的bug（可能是因为ARMv7是32位，只支持4G空间）以及osd无法删除的bug。
系统采用ubuntu或debian。参考文档： https://docs.ceph.com/en/quincy/install/manual-deployment
官方推荐内存少4G，我用512M内存的板子，纯属娱乐。
部署步骤
【可选】增加软件源/etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list：
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ceph/debian-quincy/ bullseye main
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【可选】添加公钥：
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E84AC2C0460F3994
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在所有ceph节点和客户端安装软件包：
apt-get update
apt-get install -y ceph ceph-mds ceph-volume
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在所有ceph节点和客户端创建配置文件/etc/ceph/ceph.conf：
[global]
fsid = 4a0137cc-1081-41e4-bacd-5ecddc63ae2d
mon initial members = intel-compute-stick
mon host = 10.0.0.17
public network = 10.0.0.0/24
cluster network = 10.0.0.0/24
osd journal size = 64
osd pool default size = 2
osd pool default min size = 1
osd pool default pg num = 64
osd pool default pgp num = 64
osd crush chooseleaf type = 1
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在mon节点执行初始化命令：
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring --gen-key -n mon. --cap mon 'allow *'
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring --gen-key -n client.admin --cap mon 'allow *' --cap osd 'allow *' --cap mds 'allow *' --cap mgr 'allow *'
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring --gen-key -n client.bootstrap-osd --cap mon 'profile bootstrap-osd' --cap mgr 'allow r'
ceph-authtool /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring --import-keyring /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring
ceph-authtool /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring --import-keyring /var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring
chown ceph:ceph /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring
monmaptool --create --add intel-compute-stick 10.0.0.17 --fsid 4a0137cc-1081-41e4-bacd-5ecddc63ae2d /tmp/monmap
sudo -u ceph mkdir /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-intel-compute-stick
sudo -u ceph ceph-mon --mkfs -i intel-compute-stick --monmap /tmp/monmap --keyring /tmp/ceph.mon.keyring
systemctl start ceph-mon@intel-compute-stick
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部署MGR：
name=intel-compute-stick
mkdir -p /var/lib/ceph/mgr/ceph-$name
ceph auth get-or-create mgr.$name mon 'allow profile mgr' osd 'allow *' mds 'allow *' > /var/lib/ceph/mgr/ceph-$name/keyring
ceph-mgr -i $name
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【旧版本需要做此操作】在ARMv7架构的osd节点修改文件nano /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/ceph_argparse.py，将timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', 0)改成timeout = 24 * 60 * 60。
将/var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring同步到所有osd节点。
部署OSD：
truncate --size 16G osd.img
losetup /dev/loop5 /root/osd.img
ceph-volume raw prepare --data /dev/loop5 --bluestore
systemctl start ceph-osd@{osd-num} # 注意这个num要和前面输出一致
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部署mds：
mkdir -p /var/lib/ceph/mds/ceph-intel-compute-stick
ceph-authtool --create-keyring /var/lib/ceph/mds/ceph-intel-compute-stick/keyring --gen-key -n mds.intel-compute-stick
ceph auth add mds.intel-compute-stick osd "allow rwx" mds "allow *" mon "allow profile mds" -i /var/lib/ceph/mds/ceph-intel-compute-stick/keyring
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修改/etc/ceph/ceph.conf，增加如下内容
[mds.intel-compute-stick]
host = intel-compute-stick
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执行命令：
ceph-mds --cluster ceph -i intel-compute-stick -m 10.0.0.17:6789
systemctl start ceph.target
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创建cephfs：
ceph osd pool create perf_test 64
ceph osd pool create cephfs_data 64
ceph osd pool create cephfs_metadata 16
ceph fs new cephfs cephfs_metadata cephfs_data
ceph fs authorize cephfs client.cephfs_user / rw
# 将上面的输出复制到客户端`/etc/ceph/ceph.client.cephfs_user.keyring`文件中
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挂载cephfs：
mkdir /mnt/cephfs
mount -t ceph cephfs_user@.cephfs=/ /mnt/cephfs
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其它命令
显示 bluestore 缓存的当前值：ceph daemon /var/run/ceph/ceph-osd.1.asok config show | grep bluestore_cache_size
设置OSD缓存用量：ceph daemon /var/run/ceph/ceph-osd.1.asok config set bluestore_cache_size_ssd 134217128
ceph-volume raw list
重启后重新挂载osd：ceph-volume raw activate --device /dev/loop5 --no-systemd
手动删除osd：ceph osd out {osd-num}
ceph osd safe-to-destroy osd.2
ceph osd destroy {id} --yes-i-really-mean-it
性能测试
节点数
随机写(IOPS)
随机读(IOPS)
顺序写(MiB/s)
顺序读(MiB/s)
rados写(MB/s)
rados读(MB/s)
rados随机(MB/s)
2
1603
5295
8.01
21.8
10.6733
21.5597
22.2359
3
1310
6058
14.0
27.9
12.952
28.0797
29.3502
4
1392
4087
15.5
32.3
15.3398
33.2157
34.9272
两节点
cephfs：
dd写入：16.3 MB/s (dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024)
dd读取：17.9 MB/s (echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1M)
fio随机写：1603
fio随机读：5295
fio顺序写：8201KiB/s
fio顺序读：21.8MiB/s
rados bench -p perf_test 30 write --no-cleanup
hints = 1
Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 30 seconds or 0 objects
Object prefix: benchmark_data_orangepi3-lts_2101
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
2 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
3 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
4 16 19 3 2.99955 3 3.64087 3.38759
5 16 22 6 4.79925 12 4.34316 3.83332
6 16 25 9 5.99904 12 5.38901 4.34105
7 16 28 12 6.85602 12 6.50295 4.87251
8 16 31 15 7.49875 12 4.71442 4.9794
9 16 36 20 8.88738 20 4.61761 5.24509
10 16 38 22 8.79849 8 9.75918 5.40151
11 16 41 25 9.08934 12 5.56684 5.44177
12 16 46 30 9.99826 20 3.34787 5.21296
13 16 49 33 10.1521 12 4.10847 5.17286
14 16 51 35 9.99824 8 3.49611 5.16674
15 16 55 39 10.3982 16 6.06545 5.098
16 16 58 42 10.4981 12 6.23518 5.07308
17 16 59 43 10.1158 4 6.45517 5.10522
18 16 62 46 10.2204 12 6.48019 5.08282
19 16 63 47 9.89297 4 6.57521 5.11457
2023-04-18T15:12:33.881436+0800 min lat: 1.95623 max lat: 9.75918 avg lat: 5.12979
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 68 52 10.3981 20 6.95187 5.12979
21 16 68 52 9.90296 0 - 5.12979
22 16 70 54 9.8164 4 7.85105 5.23762
23 16 72 56 9.73736 8 8.1019 5.33872
24 16 76 60 9.99818 16 8.86371 5.40133
25 16 77 61 9.75822 4 3.14892 5.3644
26 16 80 64 9.84436 12 9.63972 5.45864
27 16 82 66 9.776 8 3.18262 5.48564
28 16 84 68 9.71252 8 3.89847 5.52669
29 16 87 71 9.79132 12 9.72659 5.63168
30 16 91 75 9.99818 16 9.93409 5.63449
31 13 91 78 10.0627 12 4.09479 5.65952
32 11 91 80 9.99817 8 4.0216 5.68887
33 6 91 85 10.3012 20 3.65814 5.7294
34 1 91 90 10.5863 20 4.55552 5.71818
Total time run: 34.1039
Total writes made: 91
Write size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 10.6733
Stddev Bandwidth: 6.19765
Max bandwidth (MB/sec): 20
Min bandwidth (MB/sec): 0
Average IOPS: 2
Stddev IOPS: 1.58086
Max IOPS: 5
Min IOPS: 0
Average Latency(s): 5.70886
Stddev Latency(s): 2.2914
Max latency(s): 11.0174
Min latency(s): 1.95623
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 seq
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 18 2 7.99563 8 0.749535 0.640048
2 16 24 8 15.9934 24 1.82768 1.2209
3 16 30 14 18.6602 24 2.90052 1.76318
4 16 36 20 19.9939 24 3.22248 2.10121
5 16 41 25 19.9941 20 2.38014 2.20456
6 16 46 30 19.9943 20 3.69409 2.33743
7 16 52 36 20.5655 24 3.58809 2.4047
8 16 58 42 20.9942 24 3.94671 2.48664
9 15 63 48 21.3151 24 2.99373 2.55527
10 16 69 53 21.1832 20 3.06825 2.56988
11 16 75 59 21.4387 24 3.56289 2.56456
12 16 80 64 21.3185 20 1.57452 2.55362
13 16 86 70 21.5243 24 1.79171 2.56933
14 16 91 75 21.4152 20 4.4904 2.6246
15 10 91 81 21.5871 24 4.2782 2.67077
16 4 91 87 21.7375 24 2.84972 2.68923
Total time run: 16.8834
Total reads made: 91
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 21.5597
Average IOPS: 5
Stddev IOPS: 1.03078
Max IOPS: 6
Min IOPS: 2
Average Latency(s): 2.69827
Max latency(s): 4.4904
Min latency(s): 0.530561
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 rand
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 20 4 15.9921 16 0.756867 0.562019
2 16 26 10 19.9929 24 1.82705 1.09684
3 16 32 16 21.3269 24 2.89898 1.63216
4 16 38 22 21.9939 24 2.8592 1.96528
5 16 42 26 20.7945 16 2.89643 2.08897
6 16 48 32 21.3279 24 3.25362 2.24424
7 16 54 38 21.7089 24 2.53504 2.33103
8 16 60 44 21.9947 24 2.49214 2.39352
9 16 66 50 22.2169 24 2.8506 2.46248
10 16 70 54 21.5948 16 2.89337 2.49112
11 16 76 60 21.8128 24 2.13852 2.49727
12 16 82 66 21.9946 24 2.53781 2.54012
13 16 88 72 22.1485 24 2.53625 2.57632
14 16 94 78 22.2804 24 2.89682 2.59727
15 15 98 83 22.1192 20 2.80375 2.61577
16 16 104 88 21.9865 20 2.54292 2.62566
17 16 110 94 22.1046 24 2.84867 2.64381
18 16 116 100 22.2097 24 3.20428 2.65252
19 16 122 106 22.3036 24 2.5454 2.6641
2023-04-18T15:13:26.426279+0800 min lat: 0.367019 max lat: 3.92008 avg lat: 2.6753
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 127 111 22.1883 20 2.84974 2.6753
21 16 132 116 22.0838 20 2.90241 2.68289
22 16 138 122 22.1707 24 3.20846 2.68523
23 16 144 128 22.25 24 3.25698 2.69284
24 16 150 134 22.3228 24 3.26158 2.69223
25 16 155 139 22.2297 20 1.06362 2.67481
26 16 160 144 22.1438 20 3.9225 2.67843
27 16 166 150 22.2124 24 4.27967 2.68765
28 16 172 156 22.276 24 4.33003 2.69881
29 16 178 162 22.3353 24 3.9836 2.71073
30 16 183 167 22.2573 20 2.13414 2.71708
31 11 183 172 22.1844 20 3.57702 2.72915
32 5 183 178 22.241 24 3.63257 2.73706
Total time run: 32.9197
Total reads made: 183
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 22.2359
Average IOPS: 5
Stddev IOPS: 0.669015
Max IOPS: 6
Min IOPS: 4
Average Latency(s): 2.74483
Max latency(s): 4.63637
Min latency(s): 0.367019
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三节点
cephfs：
dd写入：21.3 MB/s (dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024)
dd读取：19.5 MB/s (echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1M)
fio随机写：1310
fio随机读：6058
fio顺序写：14.0MiB/s
fio顺序读：27.9MiB/s
rados bench -p perf_test 30 write --no-cleanup
hints = 1
Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 30 seconds or 0 objects
Object prefix: benchmark_data_orangepi3-lts_2188
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
2 16 17 1 1.99967 2 1.99725 1.99725
3 16 19 3 3.99915 8 2.92674 2.50932
4 16 21 5 4.99899 8 3.68936 2.91102
5 16 25 9 7.19858 16 4.44208 3.50803
6 16 29 13 8.66497 16 3.32056 3.77577
7 16 31 15 8.56977 8 6.59867 3.95511
8 16 33 17 8.49837 8 2.95588 3.89244
9 16 39 23 10.2203 24 8.91377 4.5287
10 16 42 26 10.398 12 4.00285 4.61726
11 16 46 30 10.907 16 1.88708 4.32788
12 16 48 32 10.6647 8 3.22648 4.22892
13 16 52 36 11.0748 16 1.51764 4.17041
14 16 53 37 10.5695 4 2.53073 4.1261
15 16 55 39 10.3981 8 8.91467 4.39938
16 16 60 44 10.9979 20 7.31564 4.7521
17 16 61 45 10.5862 4 2.00639 4.69108
18 16 66 50 11.109 20 2.34879 4.76501
19 16 69 53 11.1558 12 2.87372 4.81177
2023-04-18T15:18:28.656929+0800 min lat: 1.51764 max lat: 10.6957 avg lat: 4.81906
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 74 58 11.5978 20 2.18304 4.81906
21 16 75 59 11.2359 4 7.06397 4.85711
22 16 80 64 11.6341 20 3.49498 4.85191
23 16 80 64 11.1283 0 - 4.85191
24 16 82 66 10.9979 4 6.3591 4.83667
25 16 84 68 10.8779 8 6.34421 4.91693
26 16 89 73 11.2286 20 8.52854 5.06126
27 16 92 76 11.2571 12 5.63676 5.07197
28 16 97 81 11.5692 20 6.39309 5.04017
29 16 100 84 11.584 12 7.29099 5.01084
30 16 105 89 11.8644 20 2.50054 4.96138
31 10 105 95 12.2558 24 9.50269 4.94482
32 4 105 101 12.6226 24 4.52251 4.83104
Total time run: 32.4273
Total writes made: 105
Write size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 12.952
Stddev Bandwidth: 7.39196
Max bandwidth (MB/sec): 24
Min bandwidth (MB/sec): 0
Average IOPS: 3
Stddev IOPS: 1.87271
Max IOPS: 6
Min IOPS: 0
Average Latency(s): 4.774
Stddev Latency(s): 2.42686
Max latency(s): 10.6957
Min latency(s): 1.51764
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 seq
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 19 3 11.9944 12 0.935954 0.768977
2 16 26 10 19.9933 28 1.96017 1.31348
3 16 33 17 22.6602 28 2.77006 1.68533
4 16 42 26 25.9932 36 2.27413 1.75351
5 16 51 35 27.9931 36 2.27554 1.77164
6 16 59 43 28.6598 32 2.90927 1.80862
7 16 65 49 27.9935 24 1.89015 1.83058
8 16 72 56 27.9936 28 0.468285 1.88307
9 16 81 65 28.8824 36 0.785162 1.90263
10 15 88 73 29.1822 32 2.5208 1.94424
11 16 95 79 28.7108 24 2.0044 1.96069
12 16 103 87 28.9843 32 3.24909 1.95645
13 9 105 96 29.5231 36 2.53005 1.97092
14 3 105 102 29.1284 24 1.87098 2.00023
Total time run: 14.9574
Total reads made: 105
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 28.0797
Average IOPS: 7
Stddev IOPS: 1.68379
Max IOPS: 9
Min IOPS: 3
Average Latency(s): 2.02704
Max latency(s): 3.42015
Min latency(s): 0.417385
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 rand
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 22 6 23.986 24 0.824307 0.603606
2 16 31 15 29.9884 36 1.90078 1.13916
3 16 40 24 31.9898 36 2.15175 1.41768
4 16 47 31 30.9908 28 1.42468 1.5251
5 16 55 39 31.191 32 2.52356 1.5776
6 16 63 47 31.3248 32 2.89946 1.61864
7 16 71 55 31.4203 32 0.368204 1.66398
8 16 78 62 30.9915 28 2.37269 1.70559
9 16 87 71 31.5467 36 2.84709 1.77106
10 16 95 79 31.5911 32 1.07912 1.79016
11 16 104 88 31.9911 36 1.44303 1.80956
12 16 112 96 31.9913 32 1.42344 1.8181
13 16 119 103 31.6838 28 2.69186 1.80644
14 16 127 111 31.7059 32 3.20146 1.82418
15 16 133 117 31.1918 24 0.423103 1.84334
16 16 141 125 31.2418 32 0.992599 1.85535
17 16 148 132 31.0508 28 0.97594 1.84928
18 16 155 139 30.8809 28 1.49825 1.8682
19 16 161 145 30.5185 24 4.27347 1.90106
2023-04-18T15:19:17.492678+0800 min lat: 0.366624 max lat: 4.73499 avg lat: 1.92024
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 15 167 152 30.3887 28 4.73499 1.92024
21 16 175 159 30.2746 28 0.367838 1.90697
22 16 184 168 30.5345 36 0.745395 1.90833
23 16 193 177 30.7718 36 1.09359 1.92217
24 16 199 183 30.4895 24 4.54686 1.95203
25 16 207 191 30.5496 32 4.18695 1.97411
26 16 215 199 30.6052 32 1.11538 1.96496
27 16 223 207 30.6566 32 1.41712 1.96474
28 16 230 214 30.5616 28 2.08073 1.98234
29 16 236 220 30.3352 24 2.4372 2.00951
30 16 241 225 29.9906 20 3.20498 2.026
31 9 241 232 29.9262 28 2.49127 2.02668
32 3 241 238 29.7409 24 2.5638 2.05061
Total time run: 32.8447
Total reads made: 241
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 29.3502
Average IOPS: 7
Stddev IOPS: 1.10534
Max IOPS: 9
Min IOPS: 5
Average Latency(s): 2.06437
Max latency(s): 4.91188
Min latency(s): 0.366624
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四节点
cephfs：
dd写入：22.0 MB/s (dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1M count=1024)
dd读取：19.7 MB/s (echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1M)
fio随机写：1392
fio随机读：4087
fio顺序写：15.5MiB/s
fio顺序读：32.3MiB/s
rados bench -p perf_test 30 write --no-cleanup
hints = 1
Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 30 seconds or 0 objects
Object prefix: benchmark_data_orangepi3-lts_35619
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 16 0 0 0 - 0
2 16 17 1 1.99975 2 1.78202 1.78202
3 16 20 4 5.33256 12 2.84877 2.43044
4 16 21 5 4.99923 4 3.74263 2.69287
5 16 23 7 5.5991 8 4.76583 2.85451
6 16 32 16 10.6649 36 5.86804 3.70616
7 16 34 18 10.284 8 1.92668 3.4596
8 16 39 23 11.498 20 7.93078 3.6863
9 16 42 26 11.5535 12 8.75803 3.93689
10 16 47 31 12.3978 20 9.69823 3.95612
11 16 50 34 12.3614 12 3.04304 3.9946
12 16 54 38 12.6644 16 3.45564 3.99375
13 16 60 44 13.536 24 3.44875 3.95588
14 16 63 47 13.4261 12 1.81607 3.85018
15 16 67 51 13.5975 16 2.73712 3.76863
16 16 71 55 13.7475 16 4.15855 3.72367
17 16 76 60 14.115 20 10.2432 3.75291
18 16 79 63 13.9973 12 2.17743 3.81827
19 16 83 67 14.1024 16 8.20002 3.90448
2023-04-30T16:14:03.140857+0800 min lat: 1.0234 max lat: 10.2441 avg lat: 3.90471
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 84 68 13.5973 4 3.91999 3.90471
21 16 87 71 13.5211 12 3.44596 3.99304
22 16 93 77 13.9972 24 3.23659 3.97209
23 16 96 80 13.9102 12 1.23555 4.00768
24 16 102 86 14.3305 24 1.35805 4.04373
25 16 103 87 13.9172 4 6.09656 4.06732
26 16 107 91 13.9972 16 3.5407 4.08549
27 16 109 93 13.775 8 6.03469 4.08524
28 16 118 102 14.5686 36 2.17569 4.06772
29 16 121 105 14.4799 12 4.49289 4.11014
30 16 125 109 14.5305 16 2.87309 4.08652
31 9 125 116 14.9648 28 2.25205 4.0526
32 6 125 119 14.8721 12 1.79392 4.00744
Total time run: 32.5949
Total writes made: 125
Write size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 15.3398
Stddev Bandwidth: 8.72312
Max bandwidth (MB/sec): 36
Min bandwidth (MB/sec): 0
Average IOPS: 3
Stddev IOPS: 2.20611
Max IOPS: 9
Min IOPS: 0
Average Latency(s): 4.0305
Stddev Latency(s): 2.20517
Max latency(s): 10.2441
Min latency(s): 1.0234
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 seq
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 20 4 15.9905 16 0.853527 0.650566
2 16 32 16 31.987 48 1.92335 1.1849
3 15 42 27 35.9872 44 0.728561 1.28407
4 16 54 38 37.9873 44 1.45691 1.36427
5 16 63 47 37.5885 36 0.867527 1.32744
6 16 71 55 36.6558 32 0.388871 1.33514
7 16 81 65 37.1323 40 0.402616 1.36986
8 16 90 74 36.99 36 1.0629 1.41874
9 16 99 83 36.8793 36 1.75055 1.48116
10 16 106 90 35.9908 28 0.407852 1.52166
11 16 117 101 36.7179 44 1.74839 1.55673
12 13 125 112 37.324 44 1.12977 1.56548
13 6 125 119 36.6064 28 2.87119 1.5828
14 3 125 122 34.8488 12 3.12215 1.61803
15 1 125 124 33.0589 8 3.1234 1.64145
Total time run: 15.0531
Total reads made: 125
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 33.2157
Average IOPS: 8
Stddev IOPS: 3.12745
Max IOPS: 12
Min IOPS: 2
Average Latency(s): 1.65394
Max latency(s): 4.13081
Min latency(s): 0.388871
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rados bench -p perf_test 30 rand
hints = 1
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0
1 16 22 6 23.9897 24 0.745057 0.560803
2 16 34 18 35.9886 48 0.372282 0.938734
3 16 45 29 38.6558 44 2.19349 1.17867
4 16 54 38 37.9898 36 1.37898 1.21186
5 16 63 47 37.5905 36 0.368202 1.26999
6 16 73 57 37.9907 40 0.369987 1.34372
7 16 84 68 38.8479 44 0.379556 1.35436
8 15 92 77 38.4844 36 0.366431 1.35522
9 16 98 82 36.4306 20 0.369742 1.38116
10 16 108 92 36.7866 40 1.07875 1.40909
11 16 119 103 37.4414 44 0.411923 1.42015
12 16 128 112 37.3207 36 0.721847 1.46517
13 15 136 121 37.2149 36 3.88744 1.51544
14 16 145 129 36.8421 32 1.48207 1.53257
15 16 153 137 36.519 32 0.374107 1.56824
16 16 162 146 36.4861 36 0.369296 1.56676
17 16 174 158 37.1627 48 0.73181 1.55813
18 16 179 163 36.2091 20 0.402144 1.57222
19 16 190 174 36.6186 44 0.37141 1.58182
2023-04-30T16:16:14.252493+0800 min lat: 0.366431 max lat: 5.00059 avg lat: 1.59628
sec Cur ops started finished avg MB/s cur MB/s last lat(s) avg lat(s)
20 16 201 185 36.9871 44 0.707558 1.59628
21 16 212 196 37.3204 44 0.72207 1.59639
22 16 222 206 37.4418 40 4.26157 1.60271
23 16 231 215 37.3786 36 0.863178 1.59685
24 16 240 224 37.3208 36 0.703603 1.59669
25 16 248 232 37.1078 32 3.21437 1.601
26 16 260 244 37.5262 48 0.545021 1.58514
27 16 269 253 37.4695 36 4.48831 1.59588
28 16 277 261 37.2739 32 0.369147 1.59645
29 16 287 271 37.3677 40 0.732066 1.60558
30 16 295 279 37.1885 32 0.421207 1.61968
31 8 295 287 37.021 32 4.43585 1.63341
32 5 295 290 36.2391 12 4.24594 1.66179
33 3 295 292 35.3834 8 3.91917 1.67774
Total time run: 33.7845
Total reads made: 295
Read size: 4194304
Object size: 4194304
Bandwidth (MB/sec): 34.9272
Average IOPS: 8
Stddev IOPS: 2.41248
Max IOPS: 12
Min IOPS: 2
Average Latency(s): 1.70153
Max latency(s): 5.00059
Min latency(s): 0.366431
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卸载命令
apt remove ceph-* --purge -y
rm osd.img
rm -rf /var/lib/ceph/
rm -rf /usr/share/ceph
reboot
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B站视频
我在家用了一块512M内存的ARMv7板子、一块1G内存的ARM64板子和一块2G内存的AMD64的HTPC和一根2G内存的Intel电脑棒搭建了一个Ceph集群。其中HTPC作为mon,mgr,mds,osd，而其它三个设备作为osd。他们都是百兆网络。我的目的是为了学习Ceph集群的搭建，此外也对Ceph集群的性能比较感兴趣。因此我用了一块ARM64的板子（有千兆网络）作为客户端，挂载cephfs进行性能测试。除了cephfs，我还用rados进行了性能测试。我测试了两节点、三节点和四节点的情况下的性能并进行了对比。我的Ceph集群是双副本的。总的来说顺序读写随着节点越多，性能越好，但随机读写因节点数量太少，暂时看不出趋势。
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低配设备搭建Ceph集群，性能如何？(分布式存储)
上次我用家里的电子垃圾搭了一个k8s集群，这次我来搭一个Ceph集群。
Ceph是一个开源的分布式存储系统。我这次用了一块ARMv7的板子，只有512M内存，还有一块1G内存ARM64板子（树莓派3B），另外用了一根Intel的电脑棒和一台HTPC，都是2G内存的。官方文档里面建议内存少4G，不过我搭这个集群只是图一乐。
我本来还想用256M内存的那块板子的，但是内存太小，经过优化还是跑不起来，所以只能放弃。
我是根据官方文档来手动部署的，我一开始用的比较旧的版本，然后遇到一堆坑，后面换了新版就正常了，虽然新版也是各种bug，但是不影响我测试。
我使用双副本配置，所有的存储节点都是百兆内网。我另外使用一个千兆内网的ARM64板子作为客户端，对集群进行性能测试。我首先挂载了cephfs。也就是基于Ceph的分布式文件系统。挂载之后，在上面读写，这些读写请求会分发到所有的存储节点上，所以理论上存储节点越多，读写速度就越快。
我分别对两节点、三节点和四节点的情况进行测试。首先挂载cephfs并用fio进行性能测试，结果如图，随机读写性能比较差，而且和节点数量关系不大，原因可能是存储节点的闪存比较垃圾。不过连续读写都随着节点数量增加而增加，在两节点和三节点的时候，连续读取基本能跑满存储节点带宽。另外我还用rados进行了性能测试，结果如图，都是随节点数量增加而增加，不过不是线性增长。
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迷你Ceph集群搭建（超低配设备）
https://blog.51cto.com/u_11438580/7851302
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